GENERATOR EXCITATION


Training

Title : GENERATOR EXCITATION
Date : 16 Februari 2015 - 18 Februari 2015
Time : 08.00 - 16.00
Venue :
Price : Please Call Us

Description

DESCRIPTION

Maximum efficiency, reliability, and longevity of the various types of generators, exciters, voltage regulators, and protective systems are of great concern to many industries. These objectives can only be achieved by understanding the characteristics, selection criteria, common problems and repair techniques, preventive and predictive maintenance. This seminar is . A must for anyone who is involved in the selection, applications, or maintenance of generators. It provides the latest in technology. The seminar covers how this equipment operates and provides guidelines and rules that must be followed for a successful operation. Their basic design, operating characteristics, specification, selection criteria, advanced fault detection techniques, critical components, refurbishment, as well as all maintenance issues are covered in detail.

 

OBJECTIVES

To provide a comprehensive understanding of the various types of generators, exciters, voltage regulators, and protective systems. Participants will be able to specify select, commission and maintain this equipment for their applications. To achieve reduced capital, operating and maintenance costs along with increase in efficiency.

 

COURSE MATERIALS

A.     Fundamentals of Electric Systems

  • Capacitors
  • Current and Resistance
  • The Magnetic Field
  • Ampère’s Law
  • Magnetic Field in a Solenoid
  • Faraday’s Law of Induction
  • Lenz’s Law
  • Inductance
  • Alternating Currents
  •  Three-Phase System
  • Three-Phase Connections
  • Power in Three-Phase System

B.     Introduction to Machinery Principles

  • Electric Machines and Transformers
  • Common Terms and Principles
  • The Magnetic Field
  • Production of a Magnetic Field
  • Magnetic Behavior of Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Energy Losses in a Ferromagnetic Core
  • Faraday’s Law –Induced Voltage From a Magnetic Field Changing with Time
  • Core Loss Values
  • Permanent Magnets
  • Production of Induced Force on a Wire
  • Induced Voltage on a Conductor Moving in a Magnetic Field

C.      AC Machine Fundamentals

  • The Rotating Magnetic Field
  • Proof of The Rotating Magnetic Field Flux Concept
  • The Relationship between Electrical Frequency and The Speed of Magnetic Field Rotation
  • Reversing The Direction of the Magnetic Field Rotation
  • The Induced Voltage in AC Machines
  • The Induced Voltage in a Coil on a Two-Pole Stator
  • The Induced Voltage in a Three-Phase Set of Coils
  • The RMS Voltage in a Three-Phase Stator
  • The Induced Torque in a Three-Phase Machine
  • Winding Insulation in AC Machines
  • Machine Power Flow and Losses

 

D.     Synchronous Machines

  • Physical Description 2.0 Pole Pitch: Electrical Degrees
  • Airgap and Magnetic Circuit of a Synchronous Machine
  • Synchronous Machine Windings
  • Field Excitation
  • Rotating Rectifier Excitation
  • Series Excitation
  • No-Load and Short-Circuit Values
  • Torque Tests
  • Speed-Torque Characteristic
  • Pull-In Torque
  • Pull-Out Torque
  • Excitation of a Synchronous Machine
  • Machine Losses
  • Windage and Friction Loss
  • Core Losses
  • Stray-Load Loss
  • Armature Conductor Loss
  • Excitation Loss

E.      Synchronous Generators

  • Synchronous Generator Construction
  • The Speed of Rotation of A Synchronous Generator
  • The Internal Generated Voltage of a Synchronous Generator
  • The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator
  • The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator
  • Power and Torque in Synchronous Generators
  • The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
  • The Effect of Load Change on a Synchronous Generator Operating Alone
  • Parallel Operation of AC Generators
  • The Conditions Required for Paralleling
  • The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators
  • Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator
  • Operation of Generators in Parallel With Large Power Systems
  • Synchronous Generator Ratings
  • The Voltage, Speed, and Frequency Ratings
  • Apparent Power and Power-Factor Ratings
  • Synchronous Generator Capability Curves
  • Short-Time Operation and Service Factor

 

F.      Generator Components, Auxiliaries and Excitation

  • Introduction
  • The Rotor
  • Rotor Winding
  • Rotor End Rings
  • Wedges and Dampers
  •  Sliprings, Brushgear and Shaft Grounding
  • Fans
  • Rotor and Threading Alignment
  • Vibration
  • Bearings and Seals
  • Size and Weight
  • Turbine-Generator Components: The Stator
  • Stator Core
  • Core Frame
  • Stator Winding
  • End Winding Support
  • Electrical Connections and Terminals
  • Stator Winding Cooling Components
  • Hydrogen Cooling Components
  • Stator Casing
  • Cooling Systems
  • Hydrogen Cooling
  • Hydrogen Cooling Systems
  • Shaft Seals and Seal Oil Systems
  • Thrust Type Seal
  • Journal Type Seal
  • Seal Oil System
  • Stator Winding Water Cooling Systems
  • Other Cooling Systems
  • Excitation
  • AC Excitation Systems
  • Exciter Transient Performance
  • The Pilot Exciter
  • The Main Exciter
  • Exciter Performance Testing
  • Pilot Exciter Protection
  • Brushless Excitation Systems
  • The Rotating Armature Main Exciter
  • The Voltage Regulator
  • Background
  •  System Description
  • The Regulator
  • Auto Follow-up Circuit
  • Manual Follow-up
  • AVR Protection
  • The Digital AVR
  • Excitation Control
  • Rotor Current Limiter
  • Overfluxing Limit
  • The Power System Stabilizer
  • Characteristics of Generator Exciter Power Systems (GEP)
  • Excitation System Analysis
  • Generator Operation
  • Running-up to Speed
  • Open Circuit Conditions and Synchronizing
  • The Application of a Load
  • Capability Chart
  • Neutral Grounding
  • Rotor Torque

G.     Generator Performance Parameters, Excitation Systems, Voltage Regulators, and Protective Systems

  • Generator Performance Parameters
  • Industry Standard
  • Ratings
  • Power Factor
  • Voltage
  • Short-Circuit Ratio
  • Efficiency
  • Parametric Effects
  • Instrument Transformers.
  • Excitation Systems
  • Exciter Types
  • Voltage Regulators
  • Manual Control
  • Automatic Control
  • Auxiliary Control Functions
  • Excitation System Stabilizer or Transient Gain Reduction
  • Underexcitation Limiter
  • Overexcitation Limiter and Protection
  • Volts-Per-Hertz Limiter and Protection
  • Off-Line Excitation Limiter and Protection
  • VAR and Power Factor Controllers
  • Excitation Performance Parameters.
  • Generator Protection
  • Protective Relays
  • Differential Current Protection
  • Stator Overcurrent Protection
  • Negative Sequence Current Protection
  • Stator Ground Fault Protection
  • Field Ground Protection
  • Loss of Excitation Protection
  • Motoring protection.

H.     Double-Feed Generators

  • Introduction
  • Basic System Configuration
  • Equivalent Circuit for the Brushless Double-fed Machine
  • Parameter Extraction
  • Generator Operation
  • Converter Rating
  • Machine Control
  • Conclusions

 

I.        Generator Main Connections

  • Introduction
  • Isolated Phase Bus Bar Circulatory Currents
  • System Description

J.        Performance and Operation of Generators

  • Generator Systems 1.1 Excitation
  • Hydrogen Cooling
  • Cooling of The Stator Conductors
  • Hydrogen Seals
  • Condition Monitoring
  • Temperature Monitoring –Thermocouples
  • Hydrogen Gas Analysis
  • Hydrogen Dew Point Monitoring and Control
  • Vibration Monitoring
  • Operational Limitations
  • Temperatures
  • Hydrogen leakage
  • Fault Conditions
  • Stator Ground (Earth) Faults
  • Stator Phase-to-Phase Faults
  • Stator Interturn Faults
  • Negative Phase Sequence Currents
  • Loss of Generator Excitation
  • Pole Slipping
  • Rotor Faults

K.     Generator Surveillance and Testing

  • Generator Operational Checks (Surveillance and Monitoring)
  • Major Overhaul (every 8-10 years)
  • Generator Diagnostic Testing
  • Introduction
  • Stator Insulation Tests
  • DC Tests For Stator and Rotor Windings Index
  • Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index
  • Test Setup and Performance
  • Interpretation
  • DC Hipot Test
  • High Voltage and Step Ramp Tests
  • AC Tests for Stator Windings
  • Dissipation Factor and Tip-Up Tests
  • Tip-Up Test
  • Stator Turn Insulation Surge Test
  • Synchronous Machine Rotor Windings
  • Open Circuit Test For Shorted Turns
  • Air Gap Search Coil For Detecting Turns
  • Impedance Test With Rotor Installed
  • Detecting the Location of Shorted Turns With Rotor Removed
  • Low Voltage AC Test
  • Low Voltage DC Test (Voltage-Drop Test)
  • Field Winding Ground Fault Detectors
  • Surge Testing For Rotor Shorted Turns and Ground Faults
  • Partial Discharge Tests
  • Off-Line Conventional pd Test
  • Test Setup and Performance
  • Interpretation
  • On-Line Conventional pd Test
  • Low Core Flux Test (EL-CID)
  • Mechanical Tests
  • Introduction
  • Stator Windings Tightness Check
  • Stator Winding Side Clearance Check
  • Core Laminations Tightness Check (knife test)
  • Visual Techniques
  • Groundwall Insulation
  • Rotor Winding
  • Turn Insulation
  • Slow Wedges and Bracing
  • Stator and Rotor Cores

L.      Generator Inspection and Maintenance

  • On-Load Maintenance and Monitoring
  • Stator
  • Rotor
  • Excitation System
  • Off-Load Maintenance
  • Stator Internal Work
  • Stator External Work
  • Rotor
  • Slip Rigs and Brush Gear
  • Exciter and Pilot Exciter
  • Rectifier
  • Field Switch
  • Automatic Voltage Regulator
  • Supervisory and Protection Equipment
  • Generator Testing
  • Insulation Testing
  • Testing the stator core
  • Stator Coolant Circuit Testing
  • Hydrogen Loss Test
  • Rotor Winding Tests

M.    Generator Operational Problems, and Refurbishment Options

  • Typical Generator Operational Problems
  • Shorted Turns and Field Grounds
  • Thermal Sensitivity
  • Contamination
  • Collector, Bore Copper and Connection Problems
  • Copper Distortion
  • Forging Concerns
  • Retaining Rings
  • Misoperation
  • Generator Rotor Reliability and Life Expectancy
  • Generator Experience
  • Generator Rotor Refurbishment
  • Generator Rotor Rewind
  • Types of Insulation
  • Generator Rotor Modifications, Upgrades and Uprates
  • High Speed Balancing
  • Flux Probe Test

N.     Bearings And Lubrication

  • Types of Bearings
  • Ball and Roller Bearings
  • Stresses During Rolling Contact
  • Statistical Nature of Bearing Life
  • Materials and Finish
  • Sizes of Bearings
  • Types of Roller Bearings
  • Thrust Bearings
  • Lubrication
  • The Viscosity of Lubricants
  • Viscosity Units
  • Significance of Viscosity
  • Flow Through Pipes
  • Variation of Viscosity With Temperature and Pressure
  • Temperature Effect
  • Viscosity Index
  • Effects of Pressure on Viscosity
  • Non-Newtonian Fluids
  • Greases
  •  VI Improved Oils
  • Oils at Low Temperatures
  • Variation of Lubricant Viscosity With Use
  • Oxidation Reactions
  • Physical Reactions
  • Housing and Lubrication
  • Lubrication and Antifriction Bearings

 

O.     Used Oil Analysis

  • Proper Lube Oil Sampling Technique
  • Test Description and Significance
  • Visual and Sensory Inspection
  • Chemical and Physical Tests
  • Water Content
  • Viscosity
  • Emission Spectrographic Analysis
  • Infrared Analysis
  • Total Base Number
  • Total Acid Number
  • Particle Count
  • Summary

P.      Vibration Analysis

  • The Application of Sine Waves to Vibration
  • Multimass Systems
  • Resonance
  • Logarithms and Decibels (db)
  • The Use of Filtering
  • Vibration Instrumentation
  • Displacement Transducer (proximity probe)
  • Velocity Transducer
  • Acceleration Transducer
  • Transducer Selection
  • Time Domain
  • Frequency Domain
  • Machinery Example
  • Vibration Analysis
  • Vibration Causes
  • Forcing Frequency Causes
  • Unbalance
  • Misalignment
  • Mechanical Looseness
  • Bearing Defects
  • Gear Defects
  • Oil Whirl
  • Blade or Vane Problems
  • Electric Motor Defects
  • Uneven Loading
  • Drive-Shaft Torsion
  • Resonant Frequency
  • Vibration Severity

Q.     Power Station Electrical Systems and Design Requirements

  • Introduction
  • System Requirements
  • Grid Criteria
  • Safety Requirements
  • Electrical System Description
  • The Generator Main Output System
  • Electrical Auxiliary Systems
  • Type of Stations
  • System Performance
  • Unit Start-up
  • Plant Requirements
  • Synchronizing to the Grid
  • Synchronizing the Unit to the Station
  • Shutdown and Power Trip
  • Controlled Shutdown
  • Power Trip
  • The Effects of Loss of Grid Supplies
  • Power Plant Outages and Faults
  • Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
  • Introduction
  • DC Systems
  • Introduction
  • DC System Functions
  • Mission Time of DC Systems

R.     Power Station Protective Systems

  • Introduction
  • Design Criteria
  • Generator Protection
  • Stator Ground (Earth) Faults –Low Impedance Grounding
  • Stator Ground Faults –High Resistance Grounding
  • Stator Phase-to-Phase Faults
  • DC Tripping Systems
  • Logic Diagram

S.      Frequently Asked Questions

  • Introduction to Machinery Principles
  • Interconnection With the Grid
  • AC Machine Fundamentals
  • Synchronous Generators
  • Generator Components, Auxiliaries, and Excitation

 

INSTRUCTUR

Tugino, ST, MT & Team/Dr. Waluyo, MT & Team / Miftakhul Hudha, S.T, M.Eng & Team


Venue

Venue :
City : Yogyakarta / Bandung / Bali
State : Yogyakarta / Bandung / Bali
Country : Indonesia